Consequences vs Punishment in Classroom Discipline

Consequences vs Punishment in Classroom Discipline Consequences are an important part of the behavior management plan for your classroom, whether it is a self-contained special education classroom, a resource room or a partnership in a full inclusion classroom. Behaviorist research has clearly shown that punishment does not work. It makes a behavior disappear as long as the punisher is not around, but will reappear. With disabled children, especially children on the autistic spectrum, punishment may only reinforce aggression, self-injurious behavior and aggression sublimated as self-urination or even fecal smearing. Punishment includes inflicting pain, removal of preferred food and isolation. Consequences are the positive or negative results of the behavior choices a person makes. Natural Versus Logical Consequences According to Adlerian psychology, as well as Jim Fay an author of Teaching with Love and Logic, there are natural consequences, and there are logical consequences: Natural consequences are the consequences that naturally come from choices, even bad choices. If a child plays with fire, he or she will get burned. If a child runs into the street, the child will get hurt. Obviously, some natural consequences are dangerous and we want to avoid them.Logical consequences are consequences that teach because they are related to the behavior. If you ride your bike into the street when you are three, the bike gets put away for 3 days because it is not safe for you to ride your bicycle. If you throw your food on the floor, you will finish your meal at the kitchen counter, because you dont eat nicely enough for the dining room. Classroom Routines and Consequences Why would you punish for failure to follow a classroom routine? Isnt your goal for the child to follow the classroom routine? Have him or her do it again until he or she does it right. This is not actually a consequence: it is over-teaching, and it is also truly negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is not punishment. Negative reinforcement makes the likelihood of a behavior to appear by removing the reinforcer. Kids will remember the routine rather than have to practice it over and over again, especially in front of peers. When over-teaching a routine be sure to stay objective and non-emotional. For example: Jon, would you please walk back to your seat? Thank you. When youre ready, Id like you to line up quietly, and keep your hands and feet to yourself. Thank you. That was much better. Be sure you practice your routines ad nauseum. Be sure your students understand that you expect them to follow the routines properly for the good of the class and because your class is the best, brightest and is learning more than anyone else on the planet. Consequences for Breaking School Rules In most situations, the principal is responsible for enforcing school-wide rules, and in a well-managed building, consequences will be spelled out clearly. Consequences may include: After school detention under the principal or dean of students supervision.Conference with parents.Loss of recess privileges.Suspension Consequences for Classroom Rules If you have successfully established routines through modeling, practice and relearning, you should have little need for consequences. Consequences should be kept for serious rule-breaking, and children with a history of disruptive behavior need to have a Functional Behavior Analysis administered, either by the special educator, a psychologist or a behavior specialist. In those situations, you need to think seriously about the purpose of the behavior and the replacement behavior you wish to see take its place, or replacement behavior. In most cases, post stepped consequences for infractions. Start every student at zero, and find a way to move children up the hierarchy of consequences due to the number of infractions. A hierarchy may go like this: One infraction: WarningTwo infractions: Loss of 15 minutes of recess.Three infractions: Loss of recess, a note home to be signed by the parent.Four infractions: After school detention, note home to be signed by the parent.Two consecutive days with 4 or more infractions: Conference with parents to discuss a plan of action, contract, or loss of privileges at home. Loss of Privileges Loss of privileges is perhaps the best consequence for infractions of rules, especially privileges related to the rules. If a child fools around in the bathroom, swinging on the stall doors or peeing on the floor. The child should lose independent bathroom privileges, and only be allowed to use the restroom when supervised. It is helpful to have a class agreement to cover the rules and consequences. Publish the rules and the consequence hierarchy, and send it home with a receipt to be signed by the parents. That way, if you use detentions, you can let parents know that it is a consequence. You may especially have problems with after-school detention depending on whether parents have transportation, or are free to walk their child home after school. It is always good to have alternate consequences Consequences should always be related to what is important to the children in your class. A teacher should take care that a child does not use the consequence system to get attention, for then it is counterproductive. For those children, a behavior contract might be a successful step before pursuing a Behavior Intervention Plan.

101 Compare and Contrast Essay Ideas for Students

101 Compare and Contrast Essay Ideas for Students Compare and contrast essays are taught in school for many reasons. For one thing, they are relatively easy to teach, understand, and format. Students can typically understand the structure with just a short amount of instruction. In addition, these essays allow students develop critical thinking skills to approach a variety of topics. Brainstorming Tip One fun way to get students started brainstorming their compare and contrast essays is to create a Venn diagram, where the overlapping sections of the circle contain similarities and the non-overlapping areas contain the differing traits. Following is a list of 101 topics for compare and contrast essays that you are welcome to use in your classroom. As you look through the list you will see that some items are academic in nature while others are included for interest-building and fun writing activities. Apple vs. MicrosoftCoke vs. PepsiRenaissance Art vs. Baroque ArtAntebellum Era vs. Reconstruction Era in American HistoryChildhood vs. AdulthoodStar Wars vs. Star TrekBiology vs. ChemistryAstrology vs. AstronomyAmerican Government vs. British Government (or any world government)Fruits vs. VegetablesDogs vs. CatsEgo vs. SuperegoChristianity vs. Judaism (or any world religion)Republican vs. DemocratMonarchy vs. PresidencyUS President vs. UK Prime MinisterJazz vs. Classical MusicRed vs. White (or any two colors)Soccer vs. FootballNorth vs. South Before the Civil WarNew England Colonies vs. Middle Colonies OR vs. Southern ColoniesCash vs. Credit CardsSam vs. Frodo BagginsGandalf vs. DumbledoreFred vs. ShaggyRap vs. PopArticles of Confederation vs. U.S. ConstitutionHenry VIII vs. King Louis XIVStocks vs. BondsMonopolies vs. OligopoliesCommunism vs. CapitalismSocialism vs. CapitalismDiesel vs. PetroleumNuclear Power vs. Solar PowerSaltwater Fish vs. Freshwater FishSquids vs. OctopusMammals vs. Reptiles Baleen vs. Toothed WhalesSeals vs. Sea LionsCrocodiles vs. AlligatorsBats vs. BirdsOven vs. MicrowaveGreek vs. Roman MythologyChinese vs. JapaneseComedy vs. DramaRenting vs. OwningMozart vs. BeethovenOnline vs. Traditional EducationNorth vs. South PoleWatercolor vs. Oil1984 vs. Fahrenheit 451Emily Dickinson vs. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeW.E.B. DuBois vs. Booker T. WashingtonStrawberries vs. ApplesAirplanes vs. HelicoptersHitler vs. NapoleonRoman Empire vs. British EmpirePaper vs. PlasticItaly vs. SpainBaseball vs. CricketJefferson vs. AdamsThoroughbreds vs. ClydesdalesSpiders vs. ScorpionsNorthern Hemisphere vs. Southern HemisphereHobbes vs. LockeFriends vs. FamilyDried Fruit vs. FreshPorcelain vs. GlassModern Dance vs. Ballroom DancingAmerican Idol vs. The VoiceReality TV vs. SitcomsPicard vs. KirkBooks vs. MoviesMagazines vs. Comic BooksAntique vs. NewPublic vs. Private TransportationEmail vs. LettersFacebook vs. TwitterCoffee vs. an Energy DrinkToads vs. FrogsProfit vs. Non-ProfitBoy s vs. Girls Birds vs. DinosaursHigh School vs. CollegeChamberlain vs. ChurchillOffense vs. DefenseJordan vs. BryantHarry vs. DracoRoses vs. CarnationsPoetry vs. ProseFiction vs. NonfictionLions vs. TigersVampires vs. WerewolvesLollipops vs. popsiclesSummer vs. WinterRecycling vs. LandfillMotorcycle vs. BicycleHalogen vs. IncandescentNewton vs. Einstein. Go on vacation vs. StaycationRock vs. Scissors

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Compare and contrast - Essay Example Also, along with the teacher, a school counselor should help a child who is struggling with learning or using appropriate behavior. The role of the principal is to ensure that the discipline plan is being used appropriately school wide. Q2. Identify and discuss the three organizing principles about the learner. There are three principles about the learner. The first principle is that the learner should always be treated with respect. The teacher should treat the learner with respect, the other learners should treat each other with respect and the learner should respect himself. The second is that every learner has a great capacity to learn. Although all students start at a different level, they all have a great capacity to learn and grow from the level where they started. Effort will need to be made by the learner and the teacher to help the learner grow. The last principle states that the learner's behavior or performance always has a purpose. The purpose will vary with different le arners in different circumstances. Most misbehavior happens with one of these 4 purposes: seeking attention, seeking power, seeking revenge or lack of self confidence. An example of a student misbehaving who is seeking attention would be a student who calls out at inappropriate times during class.

International bank managment essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International bank managment - Essay Example They include market crashes and decreased GDP of any country. For the past a hundred years, there have been several economic crises in the world. Financial crises compose such economic crises. In fact, it looks like each decade has its own set of financial crises, which usually originate in one country and spread to the rest of the world. The 1930’s saw the Great Depression; the 1980’s saw the savings and loans crisis in the US and also the loan default crisis. The 1990’s saw the Asian currency crisis among a plethora of other financial hitches. The first decade of the twenty first century has not been spared either. The 2007/2009 financial crisis is considered in some quarters to be the largest since the Great Depression. This essay is going to compare the financial crises of the 1980’s with those of the 1990’s. The similarities and differences between the two periods will be given and explanations for the same sought. The essay will conclude with the writer’s opinion on what the financial world should expect in the first decade of the 21st century as far as financial crises are concerned. There were several financial crises in the 1980’s around the world. But perhaps the major ones were the debt crisis and the American savings and loans crisis (Carrasco 2008). The latter is referred by many as the 1980’s savings and loans scandal, a befitting term considering the factors that were surrounding it. According to Carrasco (2008), this crisis had its origins in the 1970’s. It is the accumulative effects of what transpired in the 1970’s that brought about the crisis of the 1980’s. There was what Wharton and Allen (2009) refers to as â€Å"petrodollar recycling† in the 1970’s. In the 1970’s, there was a considerable rise in the price of oil on the world market. This saw the oil exporting countries of the world, especially those from the Middle East, making considerable profits

Cross-cultural Interactions Essay Example for Free

Cross-cultural Interactions Essay Communication differs in various cultures. A multinational or a global company employs a great number of people with different cultural traits. Some may possess traits that are good for business when sent to countries away from home and some may not take up this responsibility well. People with different values respond in various ways to leadership especially from leaders from a different background or culture. Cultural diversity is very wide and this would cause to some extent difficulties for a foreigner in a strange land. This is mainly because the foreigner has ittle or no knowledge of the lands culture. For instance being a German and working in a subsidiary of the German mother company in China, I have come to realize the big difference that there is in various cultures. The team that I work with is a cross- cultural team. National culture does not fit with the organizational culture from my experience in this cross-cultural team. National culture is the values that an individual learns early in life and continues to grow or change slowly with generations. It is highly held in individuals hence difficult to influence . Organizational culture on the other hand means the wide guidelines that are created by an organization and is rooted on the Job tasks and practices.. It is a programmed way of thinking and reacting. It is used to differentiate a certain category of people from the other. Due to the deeply held national culture by people, it is difficult to change the organizational culture especially in a cross-cultural team. This is because for some, the organizational culture goes against the national culture therefore the practices of the organization will be taken for granted and undermined e. . a eadership trait which falls under an organizational culture can be easily shunned by a particular employee from a different culture if the trait is against his/her national trait. I encounter various tensions at my workplace. A group of a certain culture will follow or conform to a certain set of values and beliefs, and the other would differ from them. A large group with a set of similar values would f all in the same culture. The minority and the majority therefore have conflict when it comes to certain situations within the team. For instance, Germans are always on schedule and very unctual. This is their national culture. In the cross-cultural team there are people who have different perception when it comes to keeping time. When it comes to attending meetings for instance, there will be a set of people who will be punctual and those who will be late. This is a cause for tension within the cross-cultural team. Tension is a known cause for a decrease in a companys productivity. Action should therefore be taken to resolve tension or conflict in these teams. Conflict is a challenge that is always faced by a team that is cross-cultural because it arises from time to time. The success and failure of a team depends on its response in time of conflict. To initiate organizational changes, I have done research and have come up with a plan of giving lessons to my team members. These lessons dont give a direct solution to the conflicts but guidance on how to prevent, respond to and manage tension. The tips in my lesson plan include: Knowledge ot one selt and culture- when one becomes aware ot his culture, i. e. here he/she comes from and who he/she really is, it becomes easier to understand other peoples background hence become open to different ideas. This can be chieved by establishing friendship within the team Being inquisitive- ask other members with a different background from yours about your new environment and how best things are run and more importantly know how to deal with situations to avoid conflict Listen to people from a differen t culture effectively to have a better understanding of one anothers ways. This should only be done in situations where it doesnt cause discomfort. Learn the expectations of others by having conversations about conflicts and the way forward when it arises. Management culture that suits every single person from a different culture should be ut in place. Management culture is one of the most critical leadership tools. In my opinion, a type of management that respects the differences and similarities of all employees should be adopted. Excellent organizational culture is the main goal of a company or an organization in regards toa cross-cultural team. To achieve this goal, management culture must be put in place . First of all, understanding the uniqueness and the differences of each individual is very important. This is largely referred to as work place diversity. Diversity entails religious beliefs, gender, race, age, political beliefs, sexual orientation and ethnicity. To deal effectively with this, the HR should check on issues such as communication, coping with differences and change. Management culture is important because it creates a comfortable and positive working environment hence higher productivity from the employees. The following management strategies should be adopted: Acquiring knowledge about different cultures and their ways of conducting business The leaders should nurture the communication, creative and cultural skills of various employees and utilize these skills to improve the policies, customer service and their products Being open minded. This involves leaders and their employees coming out of their comfort zone and accepting ways that they are not familiar with in terms of management. People from different backgrounds can factor in better and fresh ideas which could result in better services and performance Formulation of programs that will recognize the diversity of each individual. This will result in more interest in their roles Posting employees to areas where they can advance culturally Language training Taking care of employees complaints and issues Testing the organizations practices to make sure that no discrimination against any ulture is practiced. At times, conflict becomes inevitable between members in the subsidiary. It always happens when there are people with a variety of different expectations. In a situation like this, I would resolve to a different way of handling conflict. The first step would be to make the employees aware of the difference in culture among them. Apart from making them aware, I would formulate a program where all employees will be taught about the existence ot diversity and to learn ways ot respecting these different values and practices. Encouraging the team to take up tasks overseas henever an opportunity arises is another positive way to handle inevitable conflicts. This will improve the interaction of employees with different backgrounds and cultures. The more knowledgeable they get about a variety of cultures, the more understanding of each other they also get. To avoid recurring tensions, another important strategy to follow through is to offer counselling to employees and their families that are moving to a new country. This can be done before and after the international assignment . When positive relationships are built between diverse individuals, a deeper understanding of each other is formed.

Dubliners :: essays research papers

Dubliners is considered a champion among books written in the English language. James Joyce's characterization of not only the people in the stories, but of Dublin itself, demonstrates his great ability as an author. Dubliners is not a book with a normal story line, a plot, and a definite climax and resolution. Instead, it is more of a setting, an atmosphere, an "epiphany" as Joyce called it. To understand the book, it is recommendable to focus on Irish history, and more specifically, Charles Stewart Parnell. He is a figure alluded to in this and other books by Joyce. He has been referred to as the "uncrowned king of Ireland."The series of short stories included in Dubliners depict a broken morale in and around the city of Dublin. The early 1900's marked a time of disheartened spirits not only in Dublin but all of Ireland. England still clutched Ireland under it's own control.. The citizens were bitter and dismayed.It wasn't until 1922 that Ireland freed itself from England. Up until that time, Ireland was occupied and ruled from Britain. The occupation had begun hundreds of years before, but from the end of the 18th century, a distinct Irish nationalism began to evolve. From 1801 onwards, Ireland had no Parliament of it's own. It was ruled by the Parliament in Britain which consisted of the House of Commons and House of Lords.Meanwhile, in the 1840's, a small group formed out of the Young Ireland movement. The leader, Thomas Davis, expressed a concept of nationality embracing all who lived in Ireland regardless of creed or origin. A small insurrection in 1848 failed, but their ideas influenced the coming generations. This small nationalism was illustrated in the stories "Evelyn" and "A Painful Case." In the latter, Mr. James Duffy, despite his dislike of the "modern an pretentious" Dublin, decides to stay at least in the suburbs and commute back and forth to his house. Also in the story of "Eveline", we see her refusing to leave with her fiancà © because of her ties to her home and her city. She couldn't leave; she couldn't abandon it. The small or perhaps hidden pride in the city of Dublin displayed itself in subtle methods throughout the book. After the potato famine in Ireland, a group was founded in 1858 known as the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Also known as the Fenians, they formed a secret society which rejected constitutional attempts to gain independence.

Reality Tv

In today’s world our society is constantly being bombarded by television shows and programs. As such, we ourselves, as members of this society must look at both the pros and cons of these shows and programs. Of all of the pros and cons of these shows, the ones that are really pronounced are teamwork, drinking, ethics, doing drugs, family orientated activities, and partying. As we progress on our time here on Earth, we are constantly considering these possibilities and the effect they have on ourselves and our children.Teamwork and drinking are two of the most commonly discussed and featured part of our world. No matter where we go or what we do there is always the constant reminder of teamwork. When you look at an ad on the billboard or see a commercial on the television we are always thinking and questioning our values. We value our friendships as a team and what we can do for each other. On the other hand, we are always seeing those commercials on the television about how it is illegal to drive drunk.Take a look at the television show Family Guy. This show has been out for about eight seasons and you can see how much of both teamwork and drinking there is in it. Depending on the severity of the situation Peter, the main character, has an excessive amount of beer in his system. Although beer is bad, when Peter is drunk he is more of a comedian and we laugh at how funny he is acting. We can see all of this occurring in season 1, episode 1. Other factors that subliminally affect our lives are ethics and doing drugs.If you really think about it, life itself is an ethic. How do people choose whether or not to start another life? Looking at the reality TV show, 16 and Pregnant, we can see how the young men and women at the ripe age of sixteen have to make a choice that will affect them the rest of their lives. A huge decision at such a young age really makes you grow and learn as a person fast. Even as a kid, you are introduced to drugs; whether it’s a cigarette that someone’s parents are smoking or whether you see a high school kid smoking a blunt.The things we see and do at our age affects our lives forever. Making the conscience decision to give life to a baby that you made is a major part of our life. One of those reasons affects me the most. Having two daughters of my own, I watch that reality TV show and it brings its own version of reality to me. I do not even want to begin to think about when my daughter will get pregnant. Hopefully my daughters will not become pregnant by a guy that does drugs!No matter what situation, we are constantly subliminally reminding ourselves of our ethics and our personal views of drugs. Family oriented activities and partying are the shell to our egg. As we look at the reality TV show Run’s House, we can learn and teach as a family together. You know most of the things that you have learned in life to this day came from some member of your family. Whether it was a parent or bro ther, cousin or nephew we all learn our basic skills in life as a family.Being able to identify those things from a reality television show just goes to show how much of an impact this has on our life. Partying is a major thing that is not portrayed in Run’s House; we can see how the parents try to prevent their kids from getting involved with partying all day every day. Nevertheless, these parents also demonstrate to their kids that although partying can bad for you it still is good to have in small quantities or at least party the right way. Instead of going out with your friends every weekend try and stay at home with your family.Watch a reality TV show together and try to discuss how much your own family can learn things from their family. Maybe sometimes these ideas and feelings will bring a family unit closer together. So before you decide to just look at one side of the argument or the other consider this. How much affect do these television reality shows have on my fa mily? In turn how do these issues affect the affect I am having on my children. Whichever one you decide remember how these ads and programs can affect our judgment. Reality TV IntroductionReality television is defined in many ways.   The closest, if not the clearest definition given to this genre, is that it is a show with no scripts and no real actors but only ordinary people placed in different and sometimes, funny situations.   No one has come close to tracing back its true origin, though some claimed the genre already existed back in the early years of television.   However, the first television show made known as reality tv was Candid Camera (Rowen, 2000).It first came out in 1948 and the idea of the show sprang from its creator and host Allen Funt’s similar radio show, Candid Microphone, in 1947.   Labeled as the granddaddy of reality tv, the show played pranks on ordinary American people and have quite enjoyed showing their funny reactions on television.   The entertaining and comical format of Candid Camera was a big break from the gore and pain viewers used to watch during the years of war.   Similar radio shows also made it to the television in the 1950s.   Truth or Consequences, like Candid Camera, surprised contestants by putting them in situations where they never knew what would happen to them.   Both shows have been successful in catching people unaware and surprised.Brief history of Reality TVPerhaps the first contemporary reality show aired was An American Family.   It was a documentary  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of the Loud family, Bill, Pat, and their children (Reality TV, Introduction, 2006).   Week after week viewers have followed the family’s travails and witnessed the dramatic secrets within the family unfold.   The most sensational footage of the family’s drama was the divorce of Bill and Pat and the decision of their son, Lance, to admit in public that he was gay. It was that particular shocking television moment that the show was finally named a reality tv.During the late 1980s, a new type of reality television emerged.   Cops became a hit because it showed real police officers on duty arresting criminals.   The show, which aired in 1989, followed cops on duty as they track down suspects and chase after drank drivers.   Cops was the first show to use camcorder, its small and light built making it easier to be on the cops trails the entire time.   Despite the presence of violence on some episodes, viewers watched the show because it served as an emotional protection for them, being fully aware those criminals and society’s lawbreakers were being caught.The early 1990s brought different formats of reality television.   These include game shows, talent competitions, dating contests, home and self-makeover, job competitions, and talk shows.   The idea of placing complete strangers in one house stemmed from The Real World, an MTV production, in 1992.   The participants were monitored through microphones and cameras set up all around the apartment where they lived (The Real World: New York, 2006).   Similar to the experiences of the Loud family in An American Family, The Real World had its shares of twists and turns, with the relationships of participants either gone pleasant or sour as they lived their own lives in each other’s companyThe presence of reality tv shows in Europe, Australia, and Canada has also established the genre’s acceptance and success in the world.   Not only were they able to have their own versions of reality tv from America, but they were also able to create original formats of reality programming. Changing Rooms, a British show, which started in 1996, initiated the first home makeover/improvement.A group of professional and amateur designers re-designed and re-organized a family’s home with help from the homeowner’s friends and neighbors.   Viewers have enjoyed the delight and disappointment of the homeowners as they saw for the first time their newly renovated home.   The show’s success led to the franchise of the format by tv networks worldwide, among the famous ones was the American shows Trading Spaces.  Ã‚   Australia had their own show based on the televised life of the Loud family.   In 1992, Sylvania Waters came out with the Baker-Donaher family’s private lives and personal controversies shown not only in Australia but in the UK as well.During the turn of the century, new reality tv shows debuted which brought huge unexpected changes in television industry (Reality Television (US), 2004).   The outset of Survivior, Who Wants to be a Millionaire, and Big Brother amazed the entire globe with its interesting format and fresh episode concepts.   As the war in terror brought by the September 11 attacks in New York terrified the world, these shows, like Candid Camera, provided a perfect diversion from the everyday scenes of capturing terrorists in television.   People have also grown tired and weary of the endless drama portrayed in daily sitcoms and soap operas.   The funny line s of comedy series no longer amuse them.   Thus, they craved for something much more different, fresh, and original.There were predictions made that the excitement over this genre would soon fade out but the success of these shows was a painful proof for the drama and comedy producers that reality tv is here to stay (Reality Shows Changing, 2003).   The negative, and even severe impacts of this occurrence was felt most by television writers and actors, whose careers relied more on the scripts written and the fees paid for them.Television producers have felt these talented people’s strife, but in order for a network viewership  Ã‚   to rise, difficult changes have to be made.   The audience, after all, is the primary life of a television.   They have to be supplied with shows and stories captivating enough to grab their attention for the next six to twelve months. The only possible solution to the decline of soap operas and television series was reality tv.Survivor o riginated the theme of competitiveness.   There were no individual dreams to pursue in the show, as The Real World portrayed.   Rather it was a test of physical strength and endurance to win a million dollars (Boarts, 2002.). Participants were willing to overcome and win the challenges, which include eating insects and raw animal meat. The title itself conveyed the whole concept of the show.   Only one winner would survive all the challenges, squabbles, and eliminations created on their stay in an isolated place.After the arrival of Survivor, television producers created more reality game shows, with each program’s format based on the winning prize.   Dating competitions such as The Bachelor, Joe Millionaire, and The Bachelorette  Ã‚   captured viewers because of its love theme.Participants determined to find love and money at the same time took their chances on the show to compete against each other.   There were surprising twists too, for not only was it a compe tition for them but also a test of loyalty, faith, and love.   The most controversial dating show was Temptation Island, a competition of relationship’s commitment.   Viewers have been witness to several couples’ infidelities and breakups during their stay in an island.Talent shows have also increased.   American Idol, a singing competition, became such a phenomenon that countries from almost every continent in the world have produced their own local Idol shows. Dancing competitions such as So You Think You Can Dance and Dancing with the Stars have been hits, too.   In the year 2003, not only were singing and dancing shows have attracted producers.   Those who have the skills and talents for modeling, business, and fashion design have been given a chance to shine on the shows like America’s Next Top Model, The Apprentice, and Project Runway, respectively.The format of Candid Camera was also not completely forgotten.   MTV created their own version wi th Punk’d, with a goal of making practical jokes on famous actors, athletes, and performers.   Girls Behaving Badly targets ordinary people and is hosted by a group of talented women. One funny show, which the audience found entertaining, was Scare Tactics.   Viewers laughed hard at the reactions and expressions of people as scary pranks were being played on them.Perhaps one of the most successful reality show was Big Brother.   The European audience had a first taste of the show on television in 1999. A group of people in Holland was confined in one house and their every word and action were heard and seen by the public 24 hours a day.   These were ordinary people trying to compete and make allegiance with each other (Schechter, 2002).Their greatest challenge for being in the show was their secludedness from the outside world.   No television sets, radio, computers, telephone, and newspapers were placed inside the house.   The only thing they have is each otherâ €™s company and a 24-hour stay inside the house for the next 100 days.   There were different contests provided for the participants, or housemates, inside the house. Everyday, viewers watched the funny and interesting things that transpired among the housemates.Each season of Big Brother entertained the viewers as relationships, romantic and hostile, formed.   The relationships were important for a housemate to stay longer in the house.   This could save them from elimination, which the audience had the right to vote the person they wanted out of the show.   The show’s audience has spread across the world, as different countries eventually bought a format of the show for their own version of Big Brother.Reality TV todayToday, as we look at our television and notice a majority of reality shows in every network, it comes as no surprise why this genre have been here for so long now. We could include ourselves in the fanatic viewers who never got tired of stalking th eir favorite reality shows on television.   We might not admit it to ourselves, but there is something entertaining in watching people compete, and even fight against each other to win an ultimate prize.In addition, we get a free laugh over their innocence and misfortunes. The younger generations would also honestly claim that reality is like the new thing, a trend that must be followed and pursued. Soap operas and comedy series, which were such hits before reality tv, were now considered old, to the point of being boring, lengthy and dragging.Television networks and producers saw these needs in us.   They studied ways and different concepts in order not to lose viewership (Reality Television Economic Factors, n.d.). They pursued reality tv and were happy with the results.   Not only have they gained back the interest of viewers but they have also discovered the inexpensiveness in spending for these shows and the sudden attention given by the advertisers.   High ratings and high advertising were a perfect combination for a successful long-term television show.Downside of Reality TVHowever, there was always a downside for the emergence of reality tv.   As television critics constantly pointed out, reality tv is first and foremost an invasion of privacy, which every participant on the shows have a right to. As Federmann (2000) wrote, the only important thing that mattered to the creators of these shows is the amount of money they could get out of ordinary people’s unscripted and televised lives.There is no value in these shows, both for the winners and losers of every competition.Everybody who joins these game shows get out of it emotionally beaten up and used by the networks. Losers get the shame and winners’ celebrity status would eventually fade out.No one really gets the blame of the negative consequences of these reality shows. Viewers love to watch it, and as long as there were supporters like these, television networks would never stop creating new game shows for public viewing.   Not only that, the participants of the shows also play a great factor in the life of reality tv.   The undeniable attraction for money, fame, and success drive them to compete and to survive, sometimes for the risk of getting injured, humiliated, and manipulated.ConclusionDespite the critics bash on the bad effects of reality tv, there would always be shows that teach good values and human sensitivity (Burgess, 2004). They could be funny at times, but somewhere along the road, human dignity stands outShould there comes a time when this genre of television starts to decline, people could always go back to traditional television format that they were used to before the emergence of reality tv. There would always be a list of talented writers and actors who are more than willing to be a part once again of documentaries, films, soap operas, and comedy series.ReferencesBoarts, C. (2002) Taking a look at four popular reality TV shows. [online]. Available [Accessed 16 October 2006].Burgess, S.   (2004). Forced to Watch: Reality TV. [online] Thetyee.ca. Available from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .[Accessed 18 October 2006]Federmann, G. (2000). Darwinism in Reality-Based TV Shows. [online]. Available from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   < http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/nature/feder.html>.  [Accessed 16 October 2006].Music Television. (2006) The Real World: New York [online] Shows. MTV Networks.   Ã‚   Available from: < http://www.mtv.com/shows#/ontv/dyn/realworld-season1/summary.jhtml>. [Accessed 18 October 2006] Reality TV IntroductionReality television is defined in many ways.   The closest, if not the clearest definition given to this genre, is that it is a show with no scripts and no real actors but only ordinary people placed in different and sometimes, funny situations.   No one has come close to tracing back its true origin, though some claimed the genre already existed back in the early years of television.   However, the first television show made known as reality tv was Candid Camera (Rowen, 2000).It first came out in 1948 and the idea of the show sprang from its creator and host Allen Funt’s similar radio show, Candid Microphone, in 1947.   Labeled as the granddaddy of reality tv, the show played pranks on ordinary American people and have quite enjoyed showing their funny reactions on television.   The entertaining and comical format of Candid Camera was a big break from the gore and pain viewers used to watch during the years of war.   Similar radio shows also made it to the television in the 1950s.   Truth or Consequences, like Candid Camera, surprised contestants by putting them in situations where they never knew what would happen to them.   Both shows have been successful in catching people unaware and surprised.Brief history of Reality TVPerhaps the first contemporary reality show aired was An American Family.   It was a documentary  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of the Loud family, Bill, Pat, and their children (Reality TV, Introduction, 2006).   Week after week viewers have followed the family’s travails and witnessed the dramatic secrets within the family unfold.   The most sensational footage of the family’s drama was the divorce of Bill and Pat and the decision of their son, Lance, to admit in public that he was gay. It was that particular shocking television moment that the show was finally named a reality tv.During the late 1980s, a new type of reality television emerged.   Cops became a hit because it showed real police officers on duty arresting criminals.   The show, which aired in 1989, followed cops on duty as they track down suspects and chase after drank drivers.   Cops was the first show to use camcorder, its small and light built making it easier to be on the cops trails the entire time.   Despite the presence of violence on some episodes, viewers watched the show because it served as an emotional protection for them, being fully aware those criminals and society’s lawbreakers were being caught.The early 1990s brought different formats of reality television.   These include game shows, talent competitions, dating contests, home and self-makeover, job competitions, and talk shows.   The idea of placing complete strangers in one house stemmed from The Real World, an MTV production, in 1992.   The participants were monitored through microphones and cameras set up all around the apartment where they lived (The Real World: New York, 2006).   Similar to the experiences of the Loud family in An American Family, The Real World had its shares of twists and turns, with the relationships of participants either gone pleasant or sour as they lived their own lives in each other’s companyThe presence of reality tv shows in Europe, Australia, and Canada has also established the genre’s acceptance and success in the world.   Not only were they able to have their own versions of reality tv from America, but they were also able to create original formats of reality programming. Changing Rooms, a British show, which started in 1996, initiated the first home makeover/improvement.A group of professional and amateur designers re-designed and re-organized a family’s home with help from the homeowner’s friends and neighbors.   Viewers have enjoyed the delight and disappointment of the homeowners as they saw for the first time their newly renovated home.   The show’s success led to the franchise of the format by tv networks worldwide, among the famous ones was the American shows Trading Spaces.  Ã‚   Australia had their own show based on the televised life of the Loud family.   In 1992, Sylvania Waters came out with the Baker-Donaher family’s private lives and personal controversies shown not only in Australia but in the UK as well.During the turn of the century, new reality tv shows debuted which brought huge unexpected changes in television industry (Reality Television (US), 2004).   The outset of Survivior, Who Wants to be a Millionaire, and Big Brother amazed the entire globe with its interesting format and fresh episode concepts.   As the war in terror brought by the September 11 attacks in New York terrified the world, these shows, like Candid Camera, provided a perfect diversion from the everyday scenes of capturing terrorists in television.   People have also grown tired and weary of the endless drama portrayed in daily sitcoms and soap operas.   The funny line s of comedy series no longer amuse them.   Thus, they craved for something much more different, fresh, and original.There were predictions made that the excitement over this genre would soon fade out but the success of these shows was a painful proof for the drama and comedy producers that reality tv is here to stay (Reality Shows Changing, 2003).   The negative, and even severe impacts of this occurrence was felt most by television writers and actors, whose careers relied more on the scripts written and the fees paid for them.Television producers have felt these talented people’s strife, but in order for a network viewership  Ã‚   to rise, difficult changes have to be made.   The audience, after all, is the primary life of a television.   They have to be supplied with shows and stories captivating enough to grab their attention for the next six to twelve months. The only possible solution to the decline of soap operas and television series was reality tv.Survivor o riginated the theme of competitiveness.   There were no individual dreams to pursue in the show, as The Real World portrayed.   Rather it was a test of physical strength and endurance to win a million dollars (Boarts, 2002.). Participants were willing to overcome and win the challenges, which include eating insects and raw animal meat. The title itself conveyed the whole concept of the show.   Only one winner would survive all the challenges, squabbles, and eliminations created on their stay in an isolated place.After the arrival of Survivor, television producers created more reality game shows, with each program’s format based on the winning prize.   Dating competitions such as The Bachelor, Joe Millionaire, and The Bachelorette  Ã‚   captured viewers because of its love theme.Participants determined to find love and money at the same time took their chances on the show to compete against each other.   There were surprising twists too, for not only was it a compe tition for them but also a test of loyalty, faith, and love.   The most controversial dating show was Temptation Island, a competition of relationship’s commitment.   Viewers have been witness to several couples’ infidelities and breakups during their stay in an island.Talent shows have also increased.   American Idol, a singing competition, became such a phenomenon that countries from almost every continent in the world have produced their own local Idol shows. Dancing competitions such as So You Think You Can Dance and Dancing with the Stars have been hits, too.   In the year 2003, not only were singing and dancing shows have attracted producers.   Those who have the skills and talents for modeling, business, and fashion design have been given a chance to shine on the shows like America’s Next Top Model, The Apprentice, and Project Runway, respectively.The format of Candid Camera was also not completely forgotten.   MTV created their own version wi th Punk’d, with a goal of making practical jokes on famous actors, athletes, and performers.   Girls Behaving Badly targets ordinary people and is hosted by a group of talented women. One funny show, which the audience found entertaining, was Scare Tactics.   Viewers laughed hard at the reactions and expressions of people as scary pranks were being played on them.Perhaps one of the most successful reality show was Big Brother.   The European audience had a first taste of the show on television in 1999. A group of people in Holland was confined in one house and their every word and action were heard and seen by the public 24 hours a day.   These were ordinary people trying to compete and make allegiance with each other (Schechter, 2002).Their greatest challenge for being in the show was their secludedness from the outside world.   No television sets, radio, computers, telephone, and newspapers were placed inside the house.   The only thing they have is each otherâ €™s company and a 24-hour stay inside the house for the next 100 days.   There were different contests provided for the participants, or housemates, inside the house. Everyday, viewers watched the funny and interesting things that transpired among the housemates.Each season of Big Brother entertained the viewers as relationships, romantic and hostile, formed.   The relationships were important for a housemate to stay longer in the house.   This could save them from elimination, which the audience had the right to vote the person they wanted out of the show.   The show’s audience has spread across the world, as different countries eventually bought a format of the show for their own version of Big Brother.Reality TV todayToday, as we look at our television and notice a majority of reality shows in every network, it comes as no surprise why this genre have been here for so long now. We could include ourselves in the fanatic viewers who never got tired of stalking th eir favorite reality shows on television.   We might not admit it to ourselves, but there is something entertaining in watching people compete, and even fight against each other to win an ultimate prize.In addition, we get a free laugh over their innocence and misfortunes. The younger generations would also honestly claim that reality is like the new thing, a trend that must be followed and pursued. Soap operas and comedy series, which were such hits before reality tv, were now considered old, to the point of being boring, lengthy and dragging.Television networks and producers saw these needs in us.   They studied ways and different concepts in order not to lose viewership (Reality Television Economic Factors, n.d.). They pursued reality tv and were happy with the results.   Not only have they gained back the interest of viewers but they have also discovered the inexpensiveness in spending for these shows and the sudden attention given by the advertisers.   High ratings and high advertising were a perfect combination for a successful long-term television show.Downside of Reality TVHowever, there was always a downside for the emergence of reality tv.   As television critics constantly pointed out, reality tv is first and foremost an invasion of privacy, which every participant on the shows have a right to. As Federmann (2000) wrote, the only important thing that mattered to the creators of these shows is the amount of money they could get out of ordinary people’s unscripted and televised lives.There is no value in these shows, both for the winners and losers of every competition.Everybody who joins these game shows get out of it emotionally beaten up and used by the networks. Losers get the shame and winners’ celebrity status would eventually fade out.No one really gets the blame of the negative consequences of these reality shows. Viewers love to watch it, and as long as there were supporters like these, television networks would never stop creating new game shows for public viewing.   Not only that, the participants of the shows also play a great factor in the life of reality tv.   The undeniable attraction for money, fame, and success drive them to compete and to survive, sometimes for the risk of getting injured, humiliated, and manipulated.ConclusionDespite the critics bash on the bad effects of reality tv, there would always be shows that teach good values and human sensitivity (Burgess, 2004). They could be funny at times, but somewhere along the road, human dignity stands outShould there comes a time when this genre of television starts to decline, people could always go back to traditional television format that they were used to before the emergence of reality tv. There would always be a list of talented writers and actors who are more than willing to be a part once again of documentaries, films, soap operas, and comedy series.ReferencesBoarts, C. (2002) Taking a look at four popular reality TV shows. [online]. Available [Accessed 16 October 2006].Burgess, S.   (2004). Forced to Watch: Reality TV. [online] Thetyee.ca. Available from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .[Accessed 18 October 2006]Federmann, G. (2000). Darwinism in Reality-Based TV Shows. [online]. Available from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   < http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/nature/feder.html>.  [Accessed 16 October 2006].Music Television. (2006) The Real World: New York [online] Shows. MTV Networks.   Ã‚   Available from: < http://www.mtv.com/shows#/ontv/dyn/realworld-season1/summary.jhtml>. [Accessed 18 October 2006]

Howard Zinn Chapter 13 Analysis Essay

Zinn opens chapter with the recognition that â€Å"war and jingoism might postpone, but could not fully suppress, the class anger that came from the realities of ordinary life†. Despite the brief interlude that momentarily quelled class conflict, the issues at home had never been resolved and resurfaced with a vengeance. More and more writers were writing from a Socialist mindset: Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1906, as a commentary on Chicago’s meatpacking industry. In writing the book, Sinclair was influenced by writers like Jack London, a Socialist who had grown up in poverty in the Bay Area. London publish The Iron Heel in 1906, warning Americans about fascism and indicts the capitalist system† In the face of the facts that modern man lives more wretchedly than the cave-man, and that his producing power is a thousand times greater than that of the cave-man, no other conclusion is possible than that the capitalist class has mismanaged criminally and sel fishly mismanaged†. Even an exiled Henry James condemned the U.S. when he visited in 1904. The corrupt actions of the American government and business elite were on the lips of activists, writers, and artists around the world Socialism couldn’t help but spread. One of the most notable labor incidents in this era occurred at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. New York had more than 500 garment factories, mostly staffed by women, and the conditions in all were equally as deplorable. In the winter of 1909, women at the Triangle Shirtwaist Co. organized a strike, they were doubtful that many more than 3,000 women would turn out with the cold weather and not all the factories participating, but more than 20,000 showed up. The recently organized Ladies Garment Workers Union was growing by the thousand every day. The strike went on through the winter, despite police, arrests, scabs and prison.† In more than three hundred shops, workers won their demands. Women now became officials in the union. However, the conditions of the factories themselves did not change all that much, and on the afternoon of March 25, 1911, a fire broke out at the TS Company on the 8th-9th floors too high for fire ladders to reach. The factory doors had also been locked to manage workers, which was against the law. In fact, TS Co. broke several safety codes, ultimately causing their female employees to be trapped and burned to death†146 Triangle workers, mostly women, were burned or crushed to death†. These were not the only tragedies† in the year 1904, 27,000 workers were killed on the job†. Millions of workers toiled in dangerous conditions to fatten bank accounts of the wealthy. Zinn keeps the starting numbers coming: â€Å"In 1914, 35,000 workers were killed in industrial accidents and 700,000 injured. The women’s movement of the time was an interesting one, with women often divided between suffragism and socialism. Many women were skeptical of the suffrage movement and spoke out on other issues. Margaret Sanger was one of the first women to speak out about birth control† No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose conscientiously whether she will or will not be a mother†. Emma Goldman believed the suffrage movement to be a waste of time, noting, â€Å"Every inch of ground has gained has been through constant fight, a ceaseless struggle for self-assertion, and not through suffrage. Her development, her freedom, her independence, must come from and through her only that, and not the ballot, will set women free†. Helen Keller also believed in this â€Å"struggle outside the ballot box† these women wanted something more immediate and direct than the vote. This is an issue with I am constantly torn. There is something so simple and almost beautiful in a people voting and deciding as a group can’t we just vote our way to utopia? However, when you think about the politics behind what even ends up on a ballot, you can start to feel powerless, and the vote meaningless; I understand why these women would want to fight for something greater. Zinn touches on demands and protests to end child labor, before moving on to the deteriorating situation for blacks across the nation, or what he calls â€Å"the low point†. Blacks were being beaten, lynched, murdered and the government sat by and did nothing. But what surprised me is that â€Å"the Socialist party did not go much out of its way to act on the race question† either. One member wrote about Debs, â€Å"he always insisted on absolute equality. But he failed to accept the view that special measures were sometimes needed to achieve this equality†. Ah, the early disc ussion of affirmative action and the thought that after century of oppression, laws would just make things equal. Blacks began to use this momentous period to organize as well, and formed the National afro-American Council, as well as the National Association for Colored Women. W.E.B. DuBois had just written The Souls of Black Folk and called black leaders together for a conference near Niagara Falls–the start of the â€Å"Niagara Movement.† These leaders called for a much more radical and revolutionary approach, attacking the moderate ideas of men like Booker T. Washington. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed after a race riot in Springfield, IL in 1910, but whites dominated the leadership. The NAACP focused mainly on legal action and education, but DuBois, one of the officers, championed the notion that â€Å"Persistent manly agitation is the way to liberty†. It’s interesting to note that this was the start of the nation’s â€Å"Progressive Period† a time when new amendments and laws were being passed all t he time. However, these laws didn’t necessarily benefit blacks, women, labor organizations, or Socialists; they were more a response to the shifting social tide what doesn’t bend, breaks, and right? As Zinn notes, â€Å"it was a reluctant reform, aimed at quieting the popular risings, not making fundamental changes†. In addition to numerous food, drug, and safety regulations, the nation witnessed the 16th Amendment graduated income tax and 17th Amendment election of Senators by popular vote. However, these reforms were less about actual social change and more a necessary response to growing social agitation in order to create â€Å"a middle-class cushion for class conflict†¦an attempt by the system to adjust to changing conditions in order to achieve more stability. Zinn quotes Harold Faulkner: ‘Through rules with impersonal sanctions, it sought continuity and predictability in a world of endless change. It assigned far greater power to government†¦and it encouraged the centralization of authority†. What happened was the emergence of â€Å"political capitalism,† in which â€Å"businessmen took firmer control of the political system because the private economy was not efficient enough to forestall protest from below. The businessmen were not opposed to the new reforms; they initiated them, pushed them, to stabilize the capitalist system in a time of uncertainty and trouble†. No longer did we have a government throwing the occasional big bone to business, but a government that was bent over a chair, pants around the ankles with big business. Zinn closes his chapter focusing on the idea that â€Å"much of the intense activity for Progressive reform was intended to head off. ’The Rising Tide of Socialism† and zooms in on one key event: the Colorado Coal Strike which began in September 1910 and culminated in the Ludlow Massacre of April 1914. 11,000 miners worked for the Colorado Fuel & Iron Corporation. When a union organizer was murdered, the workers began to strike in protest of low pay, dangerous conditions and â€Å"feudal domination.† Immediately, the miners were evicted from their shacks and forced to live in tent colonies in nearby hills. Gunmen hired by Rockefeller interests raided the colonies and were eventually joined by the National Guard. The strikers held out through the winter of 1913-1914 and it became clear that only drastic measures would break the strike. So, on April 20th a machine gun attack was opened on the tents, and the strikers fired back. The Guards set fire to the tents, burning some people to death. Eventually federal troops were brought in to restore order, but only after 26 men, women, and children had lost their lives. It was clear once again that unrest at home would not stop, so the government, once again, looked outside its borders for a distraction.

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson's attitude toward Christianity seems as far left as anyone. From some of his writings, one may think that he is against God and everything that he stands for. But, Jefferson does state that he is a Christian "to the precepts of Jesus himself" Jefferson Packet p 1122. He believed in what Jesus stood for and the acts that he committed, but not the faith itself. He believed that such a faith could not exist because it did not adhere to any of the five senses. Jefferson wanted proof of this faith. Besides the actions of Jesus, what other reasons did people have to follow him? Jefferson is most likely not the only man on earth who questions these beliefs. To not believe in something that is questionable because it has been taught should not be looked down upon. It seems strange that something of so much power has been proven to so few. To not believe in Jesus does not mean that Jefferson was not a follower of God. He did believe in a creator of man and that we were placed here by some sort of higher power. What Jefferson was against was the way that Christianity was used to force people to think, almost as if it was used to brainwash people, "To the corruptions of people I am indeed opposed" Jefferson Packet p 1122. It was through his scriptures that Jefferson believed these people were persuaded to think and act a certain way. "His doctrines have received still greater injury from those who pretend to be special disciples, and who have disfigured and sophisticated his actions and precepts, from views of personal interest, so as to induce the unthinking part of mankind..." Jefferson packet p112.. It was this, the fact that these people were being subliminally brainwashed that Jefferson was so opposed to. That the "unthinking" part of the brain, which we call a conscience, did eventually take over the wa! Apparently Christians have attempted to rewrite history to make Jefferson sound as if he were full ...

Famous Pirates in Books and Movies

Famous Pirates in Books and Movies The fictional pirates of todays books and movies dont have much to do with the real-life buccaneers who sailed the seas centuries ago! Here are some of the most famous pirates of fiction, with their historical accuracy thrown in for good measure. Long John Silver Where he appears: Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, and subsequently countless books, movies, TV shows, video games, etc. Robert Newton played him several times in the 1950s: his language and dialect are responsible for the pirate speak so popular today (Arrrr, matey!). He is an important character in the TV show Black Sails as well.Description: Long John Silver was a charming rogue. Young Jim Hawkins and his friends set out to find a great treasure: they hire a ship and crew, including the one-legged Silver. Silver is at first a loyal ally, but soon his treachery is discovered as he attempts to steal the ship and the treasure. Silver is one of the great all-time literary characters and arguably the best-known fictional pirate ever. In Black Sails, Silver is clever and opportunistic.Accuracy: Long John Silver is surprisingly accurate. Like many pirates, he had lost a limb in battle somewhere: this would have entitled him to extra loot under most pirate articles. Also like ma ny crippled pirates, he became a ships cook. His treachery and ability to switch sides back and forth mark him as a true pirate. He was quartermaster under the notorious Captain Flint: it was said that Silver was the only man Flint feared. This is accurate as well, as the quartermaster was the second-most important post on a pirate ship and an important check on the captains power. Captain Jack Sparrow Where he appears: The Pirates of the Caribbean movies and all sorts of other Disney commercial tie-ins: video games, toys, books, etc.Description: Captain Jack Sparrow, as played by actor Johnny Depp, is a lovable rogue who can switch sides in a heartbeat but always seems to wind up on the side of the good guys. Sparrow is charming and slick and can talk himself into and out of trouble quite easily. He has a deep attachment to piracy and to being captain of a pirate ship.Accuracy: Captain Jack Sparrow is not very historically accurate. He is said to be a leading member of the Brethren Court, a confederation of pirates. While there was a loose organization in the late seventeenth century called the Brethren of the Coast, its members were buccaneers and privateers, not pirates. Pirates rarely worked together and even robbed one another at times. Captain Jacks preference for weapons such as pistols and sabers is accurate. His ability to use his wits instead of brute force was a hallmark of some, but not many pirates: Howell Davis and Bartholomew Roberts are two examples. Other aspects of his character, such as turning undead as part of an Aztec curse, are of course nonsense. Captain Hook Where he appears: Captain Hook is the main antagonist of Peter Pan. He made his first appearance in J.M. Barries 1904 play Peter Pan, or, the boy who wouldnt grow up. He has appeared in just about everything related to Peter Pan since including movies, books, cartoons, video games, etc.Description: Hook is a handsome pirate who dresses in fancy clothes. He has a hook in place of one hand since losing the hand to Peter in a sword fight. Peter fed the hand to a hungry crocodile, which now follows Hook around hoping to eat the rest of him. Lord of the pirate village in Neverland, Hook is clever, wicked and cruel.Accuracy: Hook is not terribly accurate, and in fact has spread certain myths about pirates. He is constantly looking to make Peter, the lost boys or any other enemy walk the plank. This myth is now commonly associated with pirates largely because of Hooks popularity, although very few pirate crews ever forced someone to walk the plank. Hooks for hands are also now a popular par t of pirate Halloween costumes, although there are no famous historical pirates who ever wore one. Dread Pirate Roberts Where he appears: Dread Pirate Roberts is a character in the 1973 novel The Princess Bride and the 1987 movie of the same name.Description: Roberts is a very fearsome pirate who terrorizes the seas. It is revealed, however, that Roberts (who wears a mask) is not one but several men who have handed the name down to a series of successors. Each Dread Pirate Roberts retires when wealthy after training his replacement. Westley, the hero of the book and movie, was Dread Pirate Roberts for a while before leaving to seek Princess Buttercup, his true love.Accuracy: Very little. There is no record of pirates franchising their name or doing anything for true love, unless their true love of gold and plunder counts. Just about the only thing historically accurate is the name, a nod to Bartholomew Roberts, the greatest pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy. Still, the book and movie are a lot of fun!

Compare and Contrast Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Compare and Contrast Research Methods - Essay Example They enable researchers to study and analyze information with specific criteria (Woodside 57). When using this research method, researchers select a particular sample such as a geographical area and use it as an instance for the study. Case studies define and examine real life instances that are clearly visible and can be easily related. Boundaries have to be set in order to have relevance in selecting appropriate solutions when solving problems (Gagnon 76). In most cases, extensive examination and analysis of an event or an instance are used in case studies. For instance, in studying the development of child language, a researcher would sample a locality. Then the researcher selects an example of a school and a definite population to use as a sample. There are different types of case study research methods, namely: multiple and singular research methods. In multiple methods, the researcher would sample from different cases then analyze and come up with the most probable finding or solution (Yin 85). It is necessary for the researchers to insist on real life situations to avoid ambiguity. A singular case study only requires a single case that the researcher would use to formulate the most appropriate solution. Informal and in-depth interviews can incorporate other research methods for proper and satisfactory results. The main goals of a Informal and in-depth interviews are to ensure that the research findings are a true reflection of the real issues on the ground (Swanbon 47). Any resources or reports used in the processes should prove that: It is the only valid method or source of information and that the information could not be acquired from anywhere else. The report should correspond and respond appropriately to the questions asked in the Informal and in-depth interviews of the research. The report should follow the correct laid down procedures of research and data mining. The usual rules and guidelines of an ordinary research and social sciences must be

Risk and Return Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk and Return - Assignment Example According to CAPM, r = Rf +? (Km - Rf ) Where r= Expected return of the security Rf = Risk free rate ?=beta of the security Km= expected return of the market RA= 0.06+0.27(0.25-0.06) =0.1113 =11.13% RB =0.06+0.75(0.25-0.06) =0.2025 =20.25% Characteristic Lines of Securities A and B The SCL:Ri,t -Rf =?i +?i (RM,t - Rf ) + diversifiable risk ? is the excess return ?i (RM,t - Rf ) represents the non diversifiable risk The security characteristics line is drawn to show the excess return of the investment over that that of the market. The y-axis represents the excess return over the risk free rate. The x-axis represents the excess return over the market in general. The slope of the SCL represents the beta of the individual security. The main reason for the determination of the security characteristics line is to show the performance of a security relative to that of the market. Investors who want to put their finances in investments are interested in securities that will pose performance that is higher than the market or is at par with that of the market. From the slope of the security characteristics line, it is easier for investors to see the alpha of the security and also to compare the performance of the security relative to others. Moreover, a security characteristics line reveals the quantity of both the systematic and unsystematic risk (Roll & Ross 1980). Systematic risks are those that cannot be minimized through diversification and the investors must avoid investments with higher systematic risk. Likewise, the level of unsystematic risk can also be revealed from the diagram. To interpret the diagrams, the lines with high gradients re taken to have a higher beta factor and are therefore more risky than those with lower gradients. At the same time, the return of securities with higher gradients will exhibit high return level. In the diagram as well, the y-intercept represents the alpha value i.e. the excess of the return of an investments over the risk free r ate of return (Roll & Ross 1980). On the other hand, the x-intercept represents the excess of the security return over that of the market. A security with a high value of X-intercept has a higher return than those of the lower x-intercept values. It is therefore clear that a security characteristics line is an important tool that investors rely on when making investment decisions and should be able to help in the making of investment decisions. The security characteristics line therefore reveals the properties of the respective securities. Question 2 The arbitrage pricing theory is an asset pricing model that was developed due to the limitations of the capital asset pricing model. APT is a multifactor model that considers the various macroeconomic factors affecting the pricing of a security (Roll & Ross 1980). In this model, the risk free rate is added to all the macroeconomic factors affecting the pricing of the asset with each factor having its own beta. According to the arbitrage pricing theory, the return of a security is determined by the formula: r= Rf + ?2F2+ ?3F3+†¦..+ ?nFn Where r=return of a security ? i’s=betas of respective factors Fi’s= macroeconomic factors affecting the returns The APT is therefore a multifactor model and the arbitrage process is the selling of the inefficient securities in inefficient markets in order to maximize the return on the assets. In this process the overvalued assets are sold in order to get the profits and undervalued